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Varuna

For the possible dwarf planet, see 20000 Varuna. For other uses, see Varuna (disambiguation).
Varuna
God of the Sky,[1] Oceans, and Water
Member of Adityas
Varuna on his mount Makara
AffiliationAdityas, Deva, Dikpala
AbodeOcean
MantraOṃ jala bimbāya vidmahe
nīla puruṣāya dhīmahi
tanno varuṇaḥ pracodayāt
Oṃ Varunāya Namaḥ
WeaponNoose, Varunastra, Gandiva
MountMakara
Personal information
Parents
Spouse
Children
Equivalents
Greek equivalentPoseidon
Roman equivalentNeptune
Norse equivalentNjörðr

Varuna (/ˈvɜːrʊnə, ˈvɑːrə-/;[5] Sanskrit: वरुण, IAST: Varuṇa) is a Hindu god, associated with the sky,[6] oceans, and water. In the Vedic scriptures, he is paired with the god Mitra and is the lord of Ṛta (justice) and Satya (truth).[7][8] Varuna is also mentioned as an Aditya, the sons of the goddess Aditi.[9]

In the later Hindu texts like the Puranas, Varuna is also a Dikpala or guardian of the western direction. He is depicted as a youthful man, mounted on Makara (crocodile) and holding a Pasha (noose, rope loop) and a pitcher in his hands.[7][10][8] He has multiple wives and fathered many children, including the Vedic sage Vasishtha.[7]

He is also mentioned in the Tamil grammar work Tolkāppiyam, as Kadalon the god of sea and rain.[11] He is found in Japanese Buddhist mythology as Suiten.[10] He is also found in Jainism.[12][13]

  1. ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-393-05974-8.
  2. ^ a b Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature. Robarts - University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass.
  3. ^ G.V.Tagare (1958). Brahmanda Purana – English Translation – Part 3 of 5. pp. 794.
  4. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (2017-10-09). "Stuta, Stutā: 5 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
  5. ^ "Varuna". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  6. ^ Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-393-05974-8.
  7. ^ a b c George Mason Williams (2003). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. ABC-CLIO. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-57607-106-9.
  8. ^ a b James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 741. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
  9. ^ Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. ISBN 9780143414216.
  10. ^ a b Adrian Snodgrass (1992). The Symbolism of the Stupa. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–122 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0781-5.
  11. ^ Journal of Tamil Studies. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.
  12. ^ Sehdev Kumar (2001). A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography. Abhinav Publications. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-7017-348-9.
  13. ^ Kristi L. Wiley (2009). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-8108-6821-2.

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